Rønnestad BR, Mujika I.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2013 Aug 5. doi: 10.1111/sms.12104.
Here we report on the effect of combining endurance training with heavy or explosive strength training on endurance performance in endurance-trained runners and cyclists. Running economy is improved by performing combined endurance training with either heavy or explosive strength training. However, heavy strength training is recommended for improving cycling economy. Equivocal findings exist regarding the effects on power output or velocity at the lactate threshold. Concurrent endurance and heavy strength training can increase running speed and power output at VO2max (Vmax and Wmax , respectively) or time to exhaustion at Vmax and Wmax. Combining endurance training with either explosive or heavy strength training can improve running performance, while there is most compelling evidence of an additive effect on cycling performance when heavy strength training is used. It is suggested that the improved endurance performance may relate to delayed activation of less efficient type II fibers, improved neuromuscular efficiency, conversion of fast-twitch type IIX fibers into more fatigue-resistant type IIA fibers, or improved musculo-tendinous stiffness.
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Bosquet L, Berryman N, Dupuy O, Mekary S, Arvisais D, Bherer L, Mujika I.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. doi: 10.1111/sms.12047
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of resistance training cessation on strength performance through a meta-analysis. Seven databases were searched from which 103 of 284 potential studies met inclusion criteria. Training status, sex, age, and the duration of training cessation were used as moderators. Standardized mean difference (SMD) in muscular performance was calculated and weighted by the inverse of variance to calculate an overall effect and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results indicated a detrimental effect of resistance training cessation on all components of muscular performance: [submaximal strength; SMD (95% CI) = -0.62 (-0.80 to -0.45), P < 0.01], [maximal force; SMD (95% CI) = -0.46 (-0.54 to -0.37), P < 0.01], [maximal power; SMD (95% CI) = -0.20 (-0.28 to -0.13), P < 0.01]. A dose-response relationship between the amplitude of SMD and the duration of training cessation was identified. The effect of resistance training cessation was found to be larger in older people (> 65 years old). The effect was also larger in inactive people for maximal force and maximal power when compared with recreational athletes. Resistance training cessation decreases all components of muscular strength. The magnitude of the effect differs according to training status, age or the duration of training cessation.
Iñigo Mujika, Rafa González de Txabarri, Sara Maldonado-Martín, and David B. Pyne
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2012, 7, 186-188
The warm-up procedure in traditional rowing usually involves continuous low-intensity rowing and short bouts of intense exercise, lasting about 60 min. Purpose: To compare the effects of a traditional and an experimental 30-min warm-up of lower intensity on indoor rowing time-trial performance. Methods: Fourteen highly trained male rowers (age 25.9 ± 5.3 y, height 1.86 ± 0.06 m, mass 80.4 ± 5.2 kg, peak aerobic power 352.0 ± 24.4 W; mean ± SD) performed 2 indoor rowing trials 12 d apart. Rowers were randomly assigned to either LONG or SHORT warm-ups using a crossover design, each followed by a 10-min all-out fixed-seat rowing-ergometer time trial. Results: Mean power output during the time trial was substantially higher after SHORT (322 ± 18 vs 316 ± 17 W), with rowers generating substantially more power in the initial 7.5 min of the time trial after SHORT. LONG elicited substantially higher mean warm-up heart rate than SHORT (134 ± 11 vs 121 ± 13 beats/min), higher pre–time-trial rating of perceived exertion (10.2 ± 1.4 vs 7.6 ± 1.7) and blood lactate (1.7 ± 0.4 mM vs 1.2 ± 0.2 mM), but similar heart rate (100 ± 14 vs 102 ± 9 beats/min). No substantial differences were observed between LONG and SHORT in stroke rate (39.4 ± 2.0 vs 39.4 ± 2.2 strokes/min) or mean heart rate (171 ± 6 vs 171 ± 8 beats/min) during the time trial, nor in blood lactate after it (11.8 ± 2.5 vs 12.1 ± 2.0 mM). Conclusion: A warm-up characterized by lower intensity and shorter duration should elicit less physiological strain and promote substantially higher power production in the initial stages of a rowing time trial.
Matt Spencer, David Pyne, Juanma Santisteban, Iñigo Mujika.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2011 Dec; 6(4):497-508.
Variations in rates of growth and development in young football players can influence relationships among various fitness qualities. Purpose: To investigate the relationships between repeated-sprint ability and other fundamental fitness qualities of acceleration, agility, explosive leg power, and aerobic conditioning through the age groups of U11 to U18 in highly trained junior football players. Methods: Male players (n = 119) across the age groups completed a fitness assessment battery over two testing sessions. The first session consisted of countermovement jumps without and with arm swing, 15-m sprint run, 15-m agility run, and the 20-m Shuttle Run (U11 to U15) or the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (U16 to U18). The players were tested for repeated-sprint ability in the second testing session using a protocol of 6 × 30-m sprints on 30 s with an active recovery. Results: The correlations of repeated-sprint ability with the assorted fitness tests varied considerably between the age groups, especially for agility (r = .02 to .92) and explosive leg power (r = .04 to .84). Correlations of repeated sprint ability with acceleration (r = .48 to .93) and aerobic conditioning (r = .28 to .68) were less variable with age. Conclusion: Repeated-sprint ability associates differently with other fundamental fitness tests throughout the teenage years in highly trained football players, although stabilization of these relationships occurs by the age of 18 y. Coaches in junior football should prescribe physical training accounting for variations in short-term disruptions or impairment of physical performance during this developmental period.
Iñigo Mujika, Louise M. Burke
Ann Nutr Metab 2010;57(suppl 2):26–35
Mohr M, Mujika I, Santisteban J, Randers MB, Bischoff R, Solano R, Hewitt A, Zubillaga A, Peltola E, Krustrup P.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Oct;20 Suppl 3:125-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01217.x.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Oct;20 Suppl 2:24-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01189.x.
Mujika I, González De Txabarri R, Pyne D.
USP Araba Sport Clinic, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, and with the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2010 Sep;5(3):412-6.
La segunda Conferencia Internacional de Ciencia del Deporte y Medicina del Deporte tuvo lugar entre el 19 y el 21 de agosto en Newcastle, Reino Unido. Un año antes, el comité organizador planteó el siguiente objetivo para la primera conferencia: organizar la primera Conferencia Internacional de Ciencia del Deporte y Medicina del Deporte, uniendo a expertos nacionales e internacionales en medicina del deporte y ciencia del ejercicio, abarcando tanto salud pública como el mundo del deporte de élite, para revisar un amplio espectro de temas en la preparación para los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de 2012 y más allá. El feedback de los asistentes a la primera conferencia fue muy positivo, y esto animó a los organizadores a repetir el evento en 2010. Igualar la calidad del programa del año anterior era un reto, pero consiguieron atraer a un destacado elenco de participantes en el evento.
La sesión en la que yo hice mi presentación se titulaba “Pico de forma en el momento justo”, y tuve el honor de compartir la sesión con mi querida amiga la Profesora Louise Burke, Directora de Nutrición del Deporte en el Instituto Australiano del Deporte, quien hizo una labor extraordinaria resumiendo las innovaciones más recientes en la investigación en nutrición del deporte que deberían incorporarse a los hábitos nutricionales de competición individualizados. La sesión incluyó también una destacada presentación del Entrenador de Pruebas Combinadas de UK Athletics Antonio Minichiello, que ha entrenado a medallistas en Campeonatos del Mundo tanto en deportes de invierno (Bobsleigh) como de verano (Heptatlon).
Aquí abajo podéis leer el resumen de mi propia presentación, titulada “Pico de forma en el momento justo – Programa integrado para deportistas”:
